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Posted: 7.10.2021 4:09:22
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AP Biology
Biology
Signal Transduction Pathway
Direct Contact Signaling
Ligand Gated Ion Channel
Flash cards (109)
A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor.
cyclic AMP
tyrosine kinase
G protein
signal molecule
calmodulin
signal molecule
A signal molecule is also known as a(n) _____.
ligand
initiator
protein
key
receptor
ligand
Which of these is the second of the three stages of cell signaling?
gene activation
reception
binding of a neurotransmitter to a plasma membrane receptor
transduction
cell response
transduction
Which of the following provides molecular evidence that signal transduction pathways evolved early in the history of life?
Cell signaling is observed in organisms that do not utilize sexual reproduction.
The pathways in primitive organisms, such as bacteria, are short, whereas those in advanced forms, such as mammals, are long.
Receptor molecules have been identified in preparations of fossilized organisms billions of years old.
The molecular details of cell signaling are quite similar in organisms whose last common ancestor was a billion years ago.
Simple forms of life, such as prokaryotic cells, utilize cell signaling.
The molecular details of cell signaling are quite similar in organisms whose last common ancestor was a billion years ago.
Which of the following is a substance that acts at a long distance from the site at which it is secreted?
paracrine signal
neurotransmitter
hormone
local regulator
synaptic signal
hormone
To what does the term "ligand" refer in cell biology?
the change in shape that occurs when a signaling molecule binds to its receptor
the bond that forms between a signaling molecule and its receptor
the target cell of a signal molecule
any small molecule that can bind in a specific manner to a larger one
a molecule that can occupy a receptor site while not activating the receptor
any small molecule that can bind in a specific manner to a larger one
A G-protein receptor with GTP bound to it _____.
is in its active state
signals a protein to maintain its shape and conformation
will use cGMP as a second messenger
directly affects gene expression
is in its active state
If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?
It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.
It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.
It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
Not all intercellular signals require transduction. Which one of the following signals would be processed without transduction?
a signal that binds to a receptor in the cell membrane
a lipid-soluble signal
a signal that binds to the ECM
a signal that is weakly bound to a nucleotide
a lipid-soluble signal
Which of the following are among the most common second messengers?
kinase and phosphatase
G proteins and GTP
kinase and phosphate groups
calcium ion and cAMP
GTP and GDP
calcium ion and cAMP
In general, a signal transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of proteins _____.
results in a conformational change to each protein
activates a transcription event
generates ATP in the process of signal transduction
requires binding of a hormone to an intracellular receptor
results in a conformational change to each protein
An inhibitor of which of the following could be used to block the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
phospholipase C
adenylyl cyclase
serine/threonine kinases
phosphodiesterase
phospholipase C
Protein kinase is an enzyme that _____.
serves as a receptor for various signal molecules
produces second messenger molecules
activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them
functions as a second messenger molecule
activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them
Consider this pathway: epinephrine ? G protein-coupled receptor ? G protein ? adenylyl cyclase ? cAMP. The second messenger in this pathway is _____.
adenylyl cyclase
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein
cAMP
cAMP
Which of the following is true during a typical cAMP-type signal transduction event?
The second messenger amplifies the hormonal response by attracting more hormones to the cell being affected.
Adenylyl cyclase is activated after the hormone binds to the cell and before phosphorylation of proteins occurs.
The hormone activates the second messenger by directly binding to it.
The second messenger is the last part of the system to be activated.
Adenylyl cyclase is activated after the hormone binds to the cell and before phosphorylation of proteins occurs.
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Posted: 7.23.2021 11:01:32
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Posted: 10.4.2021 11:34:41
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